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Footnotes

Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine

- Unknown, 1920's -

Wei-Lum-Wong, "Mah Jong Problems Answered",
The North American, Phila., Pa., Sunday, no date [1920’s]  ¹

- 1921 -

Liou, K. T., "Le jeu de matchang: son origine, ses regles, ses combinaisons",
La Chine, [Peking], #5, 1921, p. 380-389

Liou, K. T., "Le jeu de matchang: son origine, ses regles, ses combinaisons",
La Chine, [Peking], #6, 1921, p. 424-439

- 1922 -

Sachs, Emanie N., "China’s Fascinating Super Game",
New York Times, September 3, 1922, p. XX2 ² 

This article explains that Mah Jongg is not a new swear word, but a game, a fascinating game, from China. Four store clerks in Chicago were turning away customers until the owner came in and smashed the pieces to the floor. It goes on to describe the tiles, suits, counters and dice used to play. A 60 per cent proficiency can be gained in the first half hour of play, but the last 40 per cent requires a study of a lifetime. It talks about the interesting and contradictory legends surrounding the game, and its role in Chinese society. The game has reached America from Shanghai thanks to a foreign national who learned the game at the club there and added Arabic numerals so that the tiles would be intelligible to foreigners.

Advertisement, "Gimbel Brothers, Mah-Jongg Sets",
New York Times, November 16, 1922, p. 10 ²

Hand made sets imported from China for sale from $16 to $50. Experts to demonstrate the game in New York's Mah-Jongg Headquarters', Gimbels Sporting Goods Shop - Fourth Floor.

"Mah Jong, Game of Chinese Mandarins, displacing Bridge and Poker",
Literary Digest, December 1922

Advertisement, "Pung Chow Company",
New York Times, December 11, 1922, p. 12 ² 

The book of Pung Chow, the original Chinese game of a hundred intelligences is on sale for $2.50 per copy at your local dealer or by mail from the Pung Chow Company.

- 1923 -

"Mah Jongg Taking Place of Bridge",
New York Times, January 28, 1923, p. XXI ²

Up-to-date folks are saying "Pung" and playing the game of "mah jongg" just as court beauties did thousands of years ago in the courts of China in the days of Confucius. Mah Jongg has reached New York from the ports of the Pacific Coast - where it has been known for a couple of years. In the past few months, sales in department stores have grown. It has already supplanted bridge at the California clubs. The Germans in China have been playing for ten years, the French for five, and the Americans for two. The game was banned to the common people until about 500 A. D. Now every clerk and rickshaw man may play if he chooses. The story is still being told of the store owner who had to dismiss all his clerks because they were playing and telling the customers to come back the next day. The original sets were even set in precious stones, and were too expensive for the common people to buy. The cheapest sets now available in New York are $18.95. These sets are made of bone and bamboo and imported from China. An American made set is available for $32. The article goes on to describe the cabinets used to store the sets, and the meanings of some of the words like "pung" and "chow" used when playing the game. In one department store a  young woman devotes all her time to teaching beginners the game. She can have from ten to twenty pupils per day, and has seen interest in the game steadily rise since last November. She spends her evenings giving private lessons, and has more requests than she can fulfill. The demand for mah jongg teachers seems to be growing. There is scientific reason behind each move made. The "Flower" and "Season" tiles are generally not used in this country, but can carry the highest scores when the regular Chinese game is played. The article goes on to describe the suits and numbering of the tiles. It points out question of popularity of this game compared to bridge around the country. The mah jongg sets are not inexpensive and playing well requires considerable intelligence.

Advertisement, "How to Play Pung-Chow (Mah Jong) The Game of a Hundred Intelligences By L. L. Harr",
New York Times, February 4, 1923, p. BR17 ² 

Now ready is standard authoritative book on playing the absorbing Chinese game that has come into such popularity that it is displacing bridge in many parts of the country. Mr. Harr acquired his great skill and knowledge about the game during his more than twenty years of intimate contact with Chinese officials and business men. Professor J. D. Bush collaborated in the preparation of this book. He is a player of note and translator of many Chinese hand-books on the game. This book is to players of PUNG-CHOW (Mah Jong) what the books of Foster and Elwell are to those who play bridge. Harr's information is based  on Chinese authorities and on his experiences with the best Chinese players including Li-Hung-Chang, who Harr lived with for two years. Illustrated and Leather bound for $2.50. Harper & Brothers, established 1817, Franklin Square, N. Y. C.

Foster, R. F., "The Rage of Mah Jong",
Vanity Fair, March 1923

"Student’s Teach Mah Jong",
New York Times, March 18, 1923, p. X13 ²

Chinese students at Columbia University are teaching Mah Jongg to help defray college expenses. The Chinese game is rapidly superseding bridge. The article goes on to describe the other types of jobs and tutoring that students at the college perform, and the types of positions that students are hired to after graduation.

Advertisement, "From the Spring list of Harper & Brothers",
New York Times, April 1, 1923, p. BR21 ² 

One of the new books listed from Harper & Brothers is How to Play Pung-Chow by L. L. Harr. "Pung-Chow's appeal is that it contains the best in bridge, chess and dominoes." – Vogue. This book is the complete and authoritative source on how to play Pung-Chow by the man who introduced the game to the United States. $2.50

"Rules on Mah Jong Duty",
New York Times, June 27, 1923, p. 22 ² 

The U. S. Government will not recognize Mah Jong as Dominoes for customs taxation purposes. The game has been gaining such a vogue in America that the price of sets in China has been sent skyward. Dominoes are assessed at the rate of 50 per cent ad valorem. Mah Jong sets will be rated based on the material the tiles are made of. Ivory will pay a rather high rate of duty, while bone and other cheaper faced bamboo tiles will pay a lower rate.

"Books and Authors, Is is Mah Jong or Pung Chow?”,
New York Times, July 1, 1923, p. BR26 ²

Is it "Mah Jong" or "Pung Chow"? According the L. L. Harr, the Chinese find the American use of "Mah Jong" offensive due to its coolie origin and ties with gambling. Mah Jong as played in America is glorified Rummy with many of the most interesting Chinese features left out. A pretty little controversy might be worked out here.

Harr, L. L., "The Game of a Hundred Intelligences",
Asia, August 1923 ¹

"Mah Jong Hands Displayed",
New York Times, August 17, 1923, p. 13 ² 

The bachelors' dance held at the Clambake Club last night displayed unique decorations. On the walls of the club were displayed panels representing hands both good and bad. The panels covered all the but windows, and were lit with Chinese lanterns. Experts attending the party had great sport contemplating the hands and their worth in the game.

Powell, J. B., "Mah Chang: The Game and Its History",
Living Age, September 1, 1923

Advertisement, "Ovington's: It stopped one revolution, it may start another",
New York Times, October 2, 1923, p. 4 ² 

One half of New York is asking the other "how do you play Ma Jong?" Its flexibility must be its fascination. It seems to not only be a "game of a thousand intelligences," but of as many attractions. History says it stopped one revolution, but any day now it could start another. At Ovington's, sets may be purchased from $17.50 to $225.00. Ovington's "The Gift Shop of Fifth Avenue" Fifth Avenue at 39th Street.

Advertisement, "November Vanity Fair Now on Sale",
New York Times, October 21, 1923, p. X9 ² 

Overhaul your game or learn it correctly by reading the November issue of Vanity Fair, on sale now. Recognized authority, R. F. Foster, has been engaged to draw up a standard set of rules. His first article appears in this issue. As soon as the rules are published, Vanity Fair will organize a popular referendum. Your suggestions will be gathered. Clubs will send delegates to a convention  that will revise Mr. Foster's rules for general American use. These rules will be used everywhere. Every enthusiast will want to know them as soon as possible. Get your Vanity Fair today. November issue will have The Laws of Play. December issue will have Methods of Scoring.

Want Ad, "Solicitors Wanted",
New York Times, November 4, 1923, p. W10 ²

Solicitors wanted to solicit subscriptions for Auction Bridge Magazine. Bridge players preferred. Easiest selling proposition in magazine field. Apply in person with John H. Smith Publishing Corp.

Advertisement, "R. H. Macy & Co., 'The Chinese Game of a Hundred Intelligences' sets",
New York Times, November 8, 1923, p. 7 ²

Call it Pe-Ling, Lung Chan, Tung Wah, Mah Jong or Pung Chow. All manner of sets for sale - wooden, pyroxylin, bamboo and bone, printed and hand carved  - imported and domestic. Lowest prices in the city. Prices from $2.79 to $141.00.  Five sets are shown with prices from $3.49 to $35.75. A set of racks is shown for $4.69. Books of instruction are available where the sets are sold, and in the book department. Tables and table tops suitable for the game for sale from $18.74 to $74.50. Score pads and slates from 29¢ to $1.49.  Mandarin Candy Sets containing 20 tiles made of marshmallow and caramel sell for 89¢. The Oriental styled wrapper  is brilliant Chinese lacquer red paper printed with symbols from the game and tied and sealed in the Chinese manner.

Advertisement, "Alex Taylor Co., Ma Jung",
New York Times, November 9, 1923, p. 21 ²

Ma Jung - Pung Chow - Ma Jong - Ma Cheuk - Mah Jongg    Complete lines for the holidays now ready with prices from $2.00 to $150.00. Special Chinese Sets with perfect hand-carved tiles, complete with counters, dice, indicators, flowers and seasons regularly $18.50, now $15.00. Tables, racks, holders, score tablets, instructions books and all essential supplies are available. Receive free, personal instructions with the purchase of every set with our Chinese expert, Mr. Liu from 1:30 to 5:30 daily. Bridge decks, Chess, Dominoes and Roulettes are also available. Alex Taylor Co. Inc., Athletic Outfitters, 22 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y. Phone and Mail orders receive prompt attention.
 

Advertisement, "Yamanaka & Co., Ma-Jong Sets",
New York Times, November 12, 1923, p. 6 ²

Special Sale of Ma-Jong sets offering a beautiful imported Ma-Jong Set in compact leatherette case at the extraordinary value of $15. A large assortment of other imported Sets at $15, $20, $25, $30, $35 and up to $500. Yamanaka & Co., 680 Fifth Avenue, New York, and London, shanghai, Osaka, Newport, R. I., Boston, Peking, and Kioto.

Advertisement, "Abercrombie & Fitch Co., Ma-Jung Sets",
Vanity Fair, December, 1923, p. 103 (108?)

"In Japan we can trace back the history of Mah-jong game to 1910. However, in the page 103(108?) of "Vanity Fair" December 1923, we can find out a very interesting advertisement of "Ma Jung (=Mah-jongg)" sets by Abercrombie & Fitch Co. They said they were selling Mah-jongg sets "in use at the Rokumeikan, in Tokyo, where Kipling first learned of the game, thirty years ago, on his road to Mandalay." As you know, and as Cortazzi & Webb's "Kipling's Japan" researched already, Kipling and his wife came to Japan in 1889 and 1892."  - Takashi Ebashi in news group hist-games and answer by Christian Hartmann.

Advertisement, "How to Play Pung-Chow by L. L. Harr",
New York Times, December 2, 1923, p. SM8 ²

The new revised and enlarged edition of How to Play Pung-Chow by L. L. Harr contains more than fifty new pages including diagrams. It is the one authoritative book on Pung-Chow. It is distinguished from other books because of the series of chapters on every phase of scientific play. (Most other books only give a page or two of hints.) Three actual games are illustrated with comments about the more important plays. Available from your bookseller or direct from the publisher for $2.00. Harper & Brothers 49 East 33rd Street, N. Y. C. 

Advertisement, "Ma-Jong The Ancient Chinese Game",
New York Times, December 2, 1923, p. RP6 ²

The complete, imported set shown in the illustration (bone & bamboo set in slide top box with tall pagoda and tile down on the cover) selling at the special price of $14.50. A variety of other sets at prices up to $75.00. A complete assortment of Oriental novelties, silks and brocades are also carried. Holiday gifts from the near and far east. Oriental Fabric Co., 40 W. 39th St. N. Y. Mail Orders filled.

Babcock, J. P., Signed Letter - Advertisement,
Saturday Evening Post, December 15, 1923

Advertisement, "R. H. Macy & Co., Direct from China 650 Sets of Ma Chiang",
New York Times, December 16, 1923, p. 11 ²

650 sets available that were recently imported directly from China. Four types of sets with prices of $11.74, $15.74, $18.48 and $20.89. Other sets available from $13.24 to $385.00. Racks from  $1.24 to $6.94. Tables from $7.94 to $26.50. The engravings are fresh from the fingers of skilled Chinese artists, and the enticing Oriental scent is still on the sets. Select from among these sets that have just arrived to use as gifts for your relatives and friends.

- 1924 -

Chinese Government Bureau of Economic Information, "The Rise of Mahjongg",
The Chinese Economic Monthly, January 1924, p. 1 ²

Foster, R. F., "The Spirit of Mah Jong: An Inquiery into the Fundamental Principles of the Game",
Vanity Fair, January 1924

Fung, Paul, Daily article,
Topeka Daily Capital, January 17, 1924

The Topeka Daily Capital published a daily mah jongg column answering questions about the current craze. The column was written by Paul Fung, a Washburn student from Canton, China.

"The Joined Battle of the Games",
New York Times, January 27, 1924, p. SM7 ² 

The battle between Mah Jong and Bridge has been raging for three years. Which one has won, and why? Devotes of each game both claim victory. The psychologists who have looked into this matter of games give a startling point. Games are about conflict, and if the player isn't interested in conflict, they are not normal. Does Auction or Mah Jong best fulfill these instincts? The better game is the one that makes for alertness and quickens reflex action, muscular coordination, memory, imagination and judgment; all skills that mankind strives for to improve itself. The Chinese culture has advanced to such a point that they needed to invent entertainments to keep these skills honed. These games provide the pleasure-pain sensations of conflict without the need of soiling the hands with actual conflict. Then there is the economic problem. Sets of Mah Jong tiles are a much larger investment than the trappings to play Auction. In Auction much of the skill is deductive, determining what the opponents hold based on their discards. But in Mah Jong, a poor hand may be improved by drawing from wall or discard. There is suspense and alternation between hope and fear and that depends upon the skill of the player. The partnership play also differs from the individual play. Which gives a greater feeling of power in victory? 52 cards allows a large number of possible combinations, but this is smaller than the 136 tiles allows for. Mah Jong allows for higher scores due to the doubling, which is appealing to some, but the complexity of calculating the scores may be intimidating to some recently converted to the game. Mah Jong has had the benefits and drawbacks of being without a code. Mah Jong is new and exciting, and open to each person's interpretation. Whereas participants in Auction can claim participation in an old and establish tradition with roots well documented in English. According to Margaret Templeton, who recently developed a counting system, Mah Jong will stay as long as a set of rules is soon standardized. But it will not supplant Bridge. A learned player can become skillful enough to almost eliminate change. Yet there always remains a final element of change to give zest. Even with the rise in popularity of Mah Jong, playing card sales set a new record last year. The players who are or think they are clever at Auction have stuck to their game. The dissatisfied, the experimental and those with a flair for the exotic form the bulk of the mah jong forces. Bridge is about where it was, and mah jong is about where it is. Galleries are smaller. The tedium of movies and the opera and such things have been abandoned in favor of games. America could have turned to la manille, like the French forces played like mad in the trenches. But instead America turned to the other side of the world.

"Mah Jong",
New York Times, January 29, 1924, p. 18 ² 

The importance of triviality has never been better illustrated than in the case of Mah Jong. Based on society announcements, it has become the main amusement of the leisure classes. Interest in international news, politics, public scandal, and even taxes have fallen before the four winds and three dragons. It is played all over Europe. Missionaries learn the game in China without the slightest idea how it is regarded by the Christian conscience of China and the danger that it is to the country and to the Church. Mah Jong also has its economic impact based on the stock yard reports showing the enormous increase in sales of bones. Where did Mah Jong come from? According to a legend reported in the London Outlook, an English merchant saved three Chinese clients. In gratitude, the offered the merchant silks, or teaching him the game. He chose the silk, but his curiosity drew him into the game as well. By the end of the night, they had taught him the game, and won back their silk. Even if Mah Jong were only a relief from the interminable bridge, it would be useful. Mah Jong's mild exotic beauty, color and form provide a means of learning simpler mathematics. It may help us improve our income tax reports. Why deride a diversion so flowered with Oriental romance?

Foster, R. F., "Chinese Mah Chang and American Mah Jong",
Vanity Fair, February 1924

"Current Magazines",
New York Times, February 3, 1924, p. BR20 ² 

Auction Bridge Magazine is new and dedicated to auction bridge, whist and mah jong. It is the official publication of the American Whist League. The editors are Milton C. Work and Wilbur C. Whitehead. Associates are Sidney S. Lenz, Josephine Culbertson and Ralph J. Leibenderfer. The February issue include a fiction feature by Sam Hellman. "Has Mah Jong Come to Stay?" is answered by R. F. Foster. The article "The Origin of Cards," by Robert L. Ripley, contains at least one misstatement about the total number of spots in a deck being 365. It must be an even number because there are four suits.

Foster, R. F., "Has Mah Jong Come to Stay?",
Auction Bridge Magazine, February, 1924

Work, Milton C., "Mah Jong in America",
New York Tribune, February 10, 1924, p. 5 ¹

Advertisement, "L M Blumstein",
New York Times, February 10, 1924, p. XX18 ²

One of the fabrics listed for sale is a 36-in. printed silk mixed Crepe de Chine for 1.00 a yard. It comes in twenty pretty colors in Ma Jong and other prints. Ideal for blouses and dresses.

Advertisement, "Mah Jong by Milton C. Work",
New York Times, February 15, 1924, p. 13 ²

Read the weekly column entitled "Mah Jong" by Milton C. Work in the Sunday Magazine section of the Yew York Tribune. How do you play Mah Jong? The Chinese have 19 different ways. In addition there are at least 19 American variations. There are obviously no standards for playing the great Oriental game. This series of authoritative articles will discuss the various ways the game is played. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach will be compared. Your input will be requested through a coupon so that standards may eventually be achieved.

Work, Milton C., "Mah Jong",
New York Tribune, Sundays, [1924]

This was a weekly column about mah jong that appeared in the Sunday Magazine section weekly. An advertisement for this column appeared in the New York Times on February 15, 1924.

"Latest Books",
New York Times, February 17, 1924, p. BR29 ² 

Margaret Templeton's pamphlet "Ma Jong" has been published in New York by a private printing. It is a handbook for Ma Jong counting.

Advertisement, "Ma-Jong",
New York Times, February 17, 1924, p. X13 ² 

At last, a complete set with counters, dice, and racks for One Dollar. Also a mysterious score card including rules and scores for only 25¢. Make the writing disappear like magic. The McGraw Manufacturing Co., East Pepperell, Mass.

Advertisement, "R. H. Macy & Co., 'How Ma-Chiang Saved My Life' A Confession",
New York Times, February 25, 1924, p. 15 ² 

The lady had done everything; divorced three husbands, including a Duke, shot African lions, made a grand slam in no-trumps, and married her son to an heiress. What more could life have to offer? A friend recommended Ma-Chiang and she found it at Macy's department devoted to the game. She no longer needs to contemplate ending it all. A specially priced pyroxylin tiles set for $12.74 is illustrated. Imported, heavy bone and bamboo tile sets seell for $18.48. Richly engraved and painted with fancy bamboos and plum blossom circles sell for $25.75. Tables are selling for $12.89, $19.89 and $18.24. Rack sets sell for from $1.44 to $5.94. Score pads and keepers are available individually or by the dozen. Counters and holders, East Wind Indicators, Travel cases, Chinese dolls other accessories are also available.

Foster, R. F., "How Old is 'Mah-Jong'?",
Asia, March 1924

"Making Mah Jongg Tiles is an Important Chinese Industry",
Current Opinion, March 1924

"Mah-Jongg Questions Answered",
Pearson’s Magazine, March 1924

Winterbourne, E. M., "Construction of Mah Jong Sets",
Industrial-arts, March 1924, p. 106, 107 ²

This two page article conveys information about how "a number of our students conceived the idea of making their own sets." This article does not cover how to play the game, and addresses only how to construct the set and chest for storing it. Illustrations are included that show the diagrams on the tiles, tile construction, counters, wind buttons, racks, and chest.

Foster, R. F., "The Mathematics of Mah Jong",
Vanity Fair, March 1924

Advertisement, "R. H. Macy & Co., 'Sets, Racks and Tables for Ma Chiang'",
New York Times, March 12, 1924, p. 7 ²

Ma Chiang - The old, old game that is new in charm for occidentals. Imported bone and bamboo sets in imported or domestic boxes from $12.74 to $269.00.  A large assortment of Domestic sets of cardboard, wood or Pyroxylin from 94¢ to $7.94. Folding tables of leather or satin covered from $12.89 to $59.75. Wood or metal Counter holders for bone counters, or celluloid holders for Chinese imitation money counters from $4.96 to $13.89. Special on a set of four rack, 3 black and one red, in cardboard box for 98¢. The illustration shows a set in a 5 drawer wooden box with brass corners and drop in front cover priced at $25.75.

"Quit ‘Bones’ for Mah Jong",
New York Times, March 17, 1924, p. 32 ²

Pittsburgh, March 16 - Detective Dunn was astonished as he heard "Pung", "Chow", "East Wind", "West Wind" as he lead a raid up a stairway in the building at 43 Logan Street shortly before midnight. Dunn believed that the place was a gambling house. The expected cards and chips were not found. Instead they discovered the group manipulating little regular tiles with unusual Oriental figures. A search revealed no money or any sort of gambling equipment. As far as the policemen knew, the Mah Jong tiles did not come under the category of gambling paraphernalia, so they were not confiscated. The proprietor and two visitors were taken into the police station where, at hearings this morning, they paid fines.

Advertisement, "Protect your Ma Jong set",
New York Times, March 23, 1924, p. BR25 ²

A Cleaning fluid to protect ivory or bone and expand bamboo is available for $1.25 by sending your name and address to Dutton's, 681 Fifth Ave., near 54th St.

Foster, R. F., "Some Fundamentals of 'Mah-Jong'",
Asia, April 1924

Foster, R. F., "Big Hands at Mah Jong",
Vanity Fair, April 1924

Advertisement, "Vote the Mah Jong Ballot",
New York Times, April 13, 1924, p. BR19 ²

Pictured are the editorial staff, R. F. Foster, Sidney S. Lenz, Milton C. Work, Josephine Culbertson, W. C. Whitehead, R. J. Leibenderfer and L. F. Hartman. Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, the Final Authority, is the most unusual and fascinating magazine. Both games are covered in all their phases, with the latest developments. An unequalled array of talent including leading authorities, foremost writers and famous artists. Subscribe for $2.50 per year or 25¢ per copy. Vote the Mah Jong ballot appearing in the April issue. 151 Broadway, New York.

"Pa and Ma Jongg",
Life, April 24, 1924, cover

Foster, R. F., "Clearing a Suit At 'Mah-Jong'",
Asia, May 1924

"So This is Mah Jong / Pa Jong",
Vanity Fair, May 1924

Foster, R. F., "Getting a Double at Mah Jong",
Vanity Fair, May 1924

"Senate Says it is 'Mah-Jongg' ",
New York Times, May 3, 1924, p. 7 ²

The senate voted unanimously to change the spelling of "mah jong" to "mah-jongg" in the revenue bill. Senator Smoot explained that "an expert informs me that that is correct." Manufacturers of mah-jongg sets are taxed 10 per cent of the selling price under the bill.

U. S. Treasury Department, "Changes Made in Mellon Plan by Revenue Act of 1924",
The Congressional Digest, June, 1924, p. 294 ²

"9. The Act makes the following changes in the excise taxes, special taxes, and stamp taxes, which were not proposed by the Mellon Plan: [...]
    (10) A tax of 10% is imposed upon sales by the manufacturer of mah jongg and similar tile sets;"

Foster, R. F., "Chances of the Draw at Mah Jong",
Vanity Fair, June 1924

Advertisement, "Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine",
New York Times, June 2, 1924, p. 8 ²

The June issue is now on sale for 25 cents per copy at the newsstand. Or send your subscription to 149 Broadway, New York. Articles include "Standardizing the Doubles". The New Code of Standardized Laws of Mah Jong will appear in the July issue. The code is approved by authorities and experts. It covers the Chinese, One Double and Cleared Suite games. The code is in accordance with the American vote. These laws will be accepted and followed by all American players. Order a copy now since the edition is limited.

Held, John Jr., "The Ancient Chinese Game According to the More Modern Generation",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 148 ²

Bray, Jean, "Americanizing Mah Jong",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 151 ²

Mackall, Lawton, "Mah Bridge",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 154 ²

Foster, R. F., "Variations in Mah Jong",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 161 ²

Sutton, George W. Jr., "Another Mah Jong Special",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 169 ²

Advertisement, "The Game of Ma Chiang by Mrs. Prescott Warren",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 172 ²

Advertisement, "Perfect System for Progressive Mah Jong",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 173 ²

Advertisement, "Dutton's Mah Jong Sets",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 174 ²

Advertisement, "Outline of Mah Jong by J. S Tow",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 174 ²

Advertisement, "How to Play Mah Jong" by Jean Bray",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 174 ²

Advertisement, "The Practical Ma Jong Score Pad by Milton C. Work",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 179 ²

Advertisement, "The Laws of Mah Jong in July issue of Auction Bridge and Mah Jongg Magazine",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 182 ²

Article, Notes on New Books,
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 183 ²

"The Game of Mah Chiang" by Mrs. Prescott Warren
"The Complete Mah Jong Player" by Florence Irwin

Advertisement - "Foster on Mah Jong by R. F. Foster",
Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine, June 1924, p. 184 ²

"American Code of Laws for Mah-Jongg",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, July, 1924

The code was formulated by J. P. Babcock, L. F. Hartman, R. F. Foster, John H. Smith and Milton C. Work.

Foster, R. F., "Mah Jong Values",
Vanity Fair, July 1924

Foster, R. F., "Twenty Point Mah Jong",
Vanity Fair, August 1924

Lowry, Helen Bullitt, "Rise and Present Peril of Mah Jong",
New York Times, August 10, 1924, p. SM5 ² 

    Rumor has it that the popularity of Mah Jong is on the wane. Are the rumors true? Yes and No. Mah Jong is by no means done for, yet the game is in peril. The popularity of Mah Jong has past its crest. Yet there are more people playing it today than there were a year ago when the rage was hottest. The old guard have returned to their Bridge tables, especially on the East Coast where the craze has run for a full year. But a new group of players have arisen.  These new players are interested in "party" instead of the scientific differences in the playing of the games. These are the chatty beings who were out of their element ever since the Right and Left Bower were ostracized by good society. This year, those who do not want to play Mah Jong do not have to keep up their Mah Jong appearance.  It is no longer the "thing to do". It has become the thing one does if one wants to. It has passed beyond its In-Chinese-Costume charity bazaar epoch. Uttering Pung and Chow no longer feel deliciously Oriental. Now there are 10¢ decks of Mah Jong cards available at Woolworth's. As are $4.95 near-ivory sets at department stores. Sets are syndicated in chain drug stores for two and a half dollars. That alone indicates that the purely fashionable period of Mah Jong has past. And therein lies its current strength. The commercial interests in the game, and the social fortunes of the game are inextricable interwoven.
    The story goes that Babcock introduced the native game into the American Club at Shanghai. Thus creating a demand in the smart American colony there frequented by our naval officers. The demand being created, he set about meeting it. He overcame the diplomatic challenge of getting Chinese sets translated into English. It took a great effort to get the native craftsmen to carve S, N, E and W and the Occidental numerals upon the tiles. Then he invented the name of Mah Jong and the handy titles of Chow, Pung and Woo. Then he got his invention patented.
    Through the navel officers, it traveled to the smartest society in San Francisco. The Chinese version had been played for a generation in the kitchens of those houses but had not been discovered. The $100 and $200 English sets on the market were the perfect commercial impetus needed. Then in one step, the game reached and established itself on the East Coast. From that point on, the unseen forces that drive what is socially acceptable were felt from a dozen sources. The types who commercialized their social position to mitigate the costs of their social position were very much on the job. And then the Authorities of Auction stepped into the void and set themselves up as the Authorities of Mah Jong. Producing "Authoritative" text books on the subject. And those that had never been and authority on anything set themselves up as such for the new game, and issued $2 books on its technique. And the teachers with social backing sprang up  in New York, Washington, and San Francisco society each teaching their own version that they may have invented the night before. After five lessons, each student felt qualified to hang out their own shingle, and spread the variety on to new generations of players. Hotels opened Mah Jong rooms decorated in red lacquer and incense burners that offered lessons. One dog kennel cabled China for a shipment of pugs. A Mah Jong magazine appeared overnight with a paid editorial staff and writers. These byproduct business flourished through 1922 and 1923 stimulating society.
    Two hundred import firms, some of which sprang up over night, capitalized mah jong branches. $1.5 Million worth of sets were imported in 1923. Four factories in the U. S. poured out ivory tiles. Germany and Austria joined inn, and even until today, the best cheap sets are coming from those two countries. These economic forces even brought in the U. S. Congress to the fray.
    This fast chaotic growth is the reason Mah Jong is up against it today. It must prove itself as a good game, not just sitting on the crest of fashion. This defect traces back to the synthetic American creation. Babcock adapted the scientific Chinese game to his perception of what would be acceptable to the Occidental tastes. He simplified it enough to be learned on the first go. That was his contribution to the chaos. The 200 other importers faced a patented name, but the game itself was ancient and could not be copyrighted. Other names for the game were launched, and half a dozen litigations. Each imported also employed their own Chinese authorities and interpreters who threw together their own sets of simplified Oriental rules. All of these commercial complications contributed to the chaos already in existence from the hordes of self-made authorities.
    Now society is split into various camps. Society from Washington can not play with those from Baltimore. Nor can different warring cliques within a single city play with each other because one plays Babcock and another Foster. Long discussions must occur prior to play if a new player is present to establish which rules will be followed.
    Haste and simplicity have lead to an American game that is quick moving and high scoring. This is very different than the slow moving, scientific, strategic game of  blocking opponents hands that has been played in  China throughout the ages. The American game depends on chance. The Chinese game is one of skill. The American game can be quickly learned. The Chinese game takes years to master.
    The players who picked up the game a year ago are now tired  of its easy thrills. The bridge players of years ago, and returned to bridge.
    Mah Jong is no longer the exclusive plaything of the rich as it was when sets cost $100. In the Summer and Fall of 1923 a large commercial drive was launched by the importers and manufacturers of medium priced sets. Department stores from east to west, and north to south had their democratic way and had itinerant demonstrators "playing" in cities across the country. In display windows across the country could be seen two players in Chinese garb playing on a $25 set. In the store, an instructor, also in costume gave instructions to all who came in, whether they purchased a set or not.
    So, Mah Jong came into the possession of the masses. Today most of the sets being sold are of the $5 and $10 variety. Mah Jong can no longer depend on any artificial social prestige. The game is committed to the ways of democracy. But it its defense are being put forth organized efforts. The promoters of the game are trying at this late date to insert into the American game the Chinese methods of doing things. They are trying to raise the standards of the game until it can complete with Bridge on  uncompromising, scientific grounds instead of upon social patronage.

Advertisement, "Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine",
New York Times, August 12, 1924, p. 5 ² 

The August issue of Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine contains an interview with J. P. Babcock "Mah-Jongg - Its authentic source", and articles by Milton C. Work, "The Originator of the Informatory Double", Wilbur C. Whitehead, "Principles of Play - When there is more than One Chance for Game", H. B. Martin, "Important Golf Championships", and American Chess champion, Frank J. Marshall, "Chess and Auction Bridge". The August issue of fascinating magazine is now on sale for 25¢ per copy or $2.50 per year. Buy the American Code of Laws for Mah-Jongg in the July issue, still available on your newsstand.  The code was formulated by famous experts and authorities J. P. Babcock, L. F. Hartman, R. F. Foster, John H. Smith and Milton C. Work. Booklets for 50¢ and score cards for 25¢. Subscriptions could be sent to Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine at 149 Broadway, New York.

Babcock, J. P., "Mah-Jongg - Its authentic source",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, August, 1924

Advertisement, "Standardized Mah Jong",
New York Times, August 17, 1924, p. BR17 ² 

The new book "Standardized Mah Jong" by Lee Foster Hartman contains the full new Official Laws and over one hundred illustrated hands. He is a member of the Mah Jong Standardization committee and Associate Mah Jong editor of the Auction Bridge and Mah Jong Magazine. This book is an innovation in that it is a manual of tactics applicable to three forms of the game - Mixed Hand, Cleared Hand, and the One Double Game - which are standardized now by the American Code. Every hand the player encounters is unique and different from every other hand that has been or will be played. This book enlighten and guides the player through the actual play of the hand with a practical theory of winning play. The book was available at Booksellers or direct from the publisher for $2.00. Harper & Brothers, 49 East 33d Street, New York, N. Y. Publishers since 1817.

Advertisement, "Standardized Mah Jong",
New York Times, August 24, 1924, p. BR21 ² 

Same advertisement as August 17.

Foster, R. F., "'Mah-Jong' End Games",
Asia, September 1924

Advertisement - "American Code of Laws for Mah-Jongg",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 96 ¹

Advertisement - "Foster on Mah Jong",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 96 ¹

Advertisement, "The Practical Ma Jong Score Pad by Milton C. Work",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 96 ¹

Foster, R. F., "The Delayed Call of Pung",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 103 ¹

Held, John Jr., "The Really True Legend of Mah-Jongg",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 106 ¹

"Mah-Jongg on the Stage",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 112 ¹

St. George, Isabel, "The Prince and Polo",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 118 ¹

"Since Mah-Jongg is reported to be one of the favorite diversions of the Prince (of Wales), those favored few who are to meet him are keenly practicing the Chinese game in order to uphold the honor of their country. It may be that an International Mah-Jongg Match will develop, as well as the International Polo match. The American players are handicapped by not knowing whether the Prince favors the Mixed-Hand game, the One-Double game, or the Cleared-Suit game."

Hartman, Lee F., "The Mah-Jongg Forum",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 120 ¹

Advertisement, "Mah Jong Board",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 127 ¹

Advertisement, "Imported Chinese Games of Ma Ch'iau",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 127 ¹

Advertisement, "Standardized Mah Jong by Lee F. Hartman",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 127 ¹

Advertisement, "The Ancient Game of the Mandarins" Piroxloid Products Corporation,
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 129 ¹

Advertisement, "The American Code of Laws for Mah-Jongg",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 130 ¹

Advertisement, "Perfect System for Progressive Mah-Jongg",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 135 ¹

Advertisement, "Mah-Jongg Up-to-Date by Milton C. Work",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 137 ¹

Advertisement, "Official Score Card, American Code of Laws for Mah-Jongg",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 140 ¹

Advertisement, "Free - The American Code of Laws for Mah-Jongg, with Foster on Mah Jong",
Auction Bridge and Mah-Jongg Magazine, September 1924, p. 141 ¹

Foster, R. F., "The New American Code of Rules for Mah Jong",
Vanity Fair, September 1924

Foster, R. F., "The New American Code of Rules for Mah Jong",
Vanity Fair, October 1924

Advertisement, "Standardized Mah Jong",
New York Times, October 5, 1924, p. BR26 ² 

Mr. Hartman's book marks the American advance into scientific Mah Jong. He is a member of the Mah Jong Standardization Committee along with R. F. Foster, J. P. Babcock, Milton C. Work and John H. Smith. The book contains the full text of the new American Code of Mah Jong Laws, and is the only book now available based on this new code. The book is over 300 pages with more than 100 illustrative hands and diagrams in two colors. Priced at $2.00 at all booksellers. Harper & Brothers, Publishers.

Foster, R. F., "The Future of Mah Jong",
Vanity Fair, November 1924

Advertisement, "Ma Jong",
New York Times, November 9, 1924, p. W16 ²

Sets of Chinese game at import costs ($6.53 to $12.70) available by calling at Room 171, 10 Bridge St, or phoning Bowling Green 5996.

Advertisement, "Fifth Avenue Gift and Art Shop, Mah Jong Sets",
New York Times, November 10, 1924, p. 5 ²

From the regular stock, imported from China, priced $15.75 to $22.50 now only $7.95. Mah Jong Sets come with free racks and free book of instructions. These sets are to be sold by Thanksgiving to make room for new stock. Offering 1000 heavy, bone and bamboo Chinese sets at a price guaranteed to be the lowest in the city for equal value. The hand carved and hand painted tiles, along with Ming box, bone dice and counters, are in an artistic five-drawer chest. Instruction book and racks are included free with every set. Mail orders filled by sending check or money order. Fifth Avenue Gift and Art Shop, 263 Fifth Avenue, corner of 29th Street, New York City.

Advertisement, "John H. Smith Publishing Co., Mah Jong Standardized",
New York Times, November 10, 1924, p. 5 ²

American Code of Laws for Mah Jong, Mixed-Hand, One-Double and Cleared-Hand game. Endorsed and adopted by Jean Bray, R. F. Foster, Lee F. Hartman, John H. Smith, Edgar S. Winters, Milton C. Work and thousands of players. These needed standard laws will popularize the game forever. Price 50 cents or Moire Silk Cloth for $1.00. Get from your bookstore or from the publisher, John H. Smith Publishing Corp., 149 Broadway, New York.

- 1925 -

"Word-Puzzle contest for Grosvenor House",
New York Times, March 8, 1925, p. X8 ² 

A bridge, mah jong and crossword puzzle contest will be held in the main ballroom of the Plaza on the afternoon of March 16. It will be under the auspices of the Alumnae Association of Miss Chapin's School. The proceeds will be used for the upkeep of the Health Bureau of Grosvenor Neighborhood House on East Forth-ninth street.

- 1970s -

"Mahjong",
Orientations, October 1970, p. 48 ¹

- 1997 -

Schonenberger, Chana R., "Internet Wins New Mah-Jongg Followers",
The Wall Street Journal, September 8, 1997

- 1998 -

Ku, Michelle, "Banned ancient Chinese tile game sees a resurgence in Willow Glen",
The Willow Glen Resident, December 23, 1998

- 1999 -

Ayi, "Washing the Tiles",
Beijing Scene, Volume 6, Issue 1, October 15 - 21, 1999

- 2000 -

Leopold, Todd, "Mah Jongg Moves South",
Atlanta Jewish Times, January 28, 2000

Reagan, Gareth, "Mah Jong Overview: Introduction",
MSO Worldwide, August 13, 2000

Reagan, Gareth, "Mah Jong History",
MSO Worldwide, August 13, 2000

- 2001 -

"Sights and sounds of ancient game",
Toronto Star (Canada), September 22, 2001 ²

- 2002 -

Bull, Brett, "The 2002 World Championship in Mahjong Comes to Tokyo",
Reports from Captain Japan, October 21, 2002
     alternate link

Asakawa, Gil, "The Games (Asian) People Play",
Nikkei View, December 9, 2002

- 2003 -

Heiter, Celeste, "From Ningbo to Hoboken: How a Chinese Parlor Game Became a Favorite Pastime For Jewish Women",
Things Asian, February 17, 2003

"Mah Jongg Fever",
North Shore Magazine, March 2003

Teicholz, Tom, "Maahj Cracks Fashionistas",
Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles, August 15, 2003

- 2004 -

Phipps, Gavin, "Mad about mahjong",
Taipei Times, January 21, 2005, p. 12

"Mahjong for gamers, Part I",
Boardwalk, March 3, 2004
(Korean, English)

"Mahjong for gamers, Part II",
Boardwalk, March 19, 2004
(Korean)

"Mahjong for gamers, Part III",
Boardwalk, March 31, 2004
(Korean)

Stanwick, Michael, "Mahjong(g) Before Mahjong(g): Part 1",
The Playing-card, Vol. 32, No. 4, 2004, pp. 153 - 162 ²

Stanwick, Michael, "Mahjong(g) Before Mahjong(g): Part 2",
The Playing-card, Vol. 32, No. 5, 2004, pp. 206 - 215 ²
        See below for follow-up articles by Michael Stanwick in 2006.

- 2005 -
 

- 2006 -

- Unknown Date -

"Come oooon, baby needs a new pair o' shoes... snake eyes!",
creative separatists, unknown

Footnotes

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Page last update September 11, 2006